Steelmaking Technology for the Last 100 Years: Toward ...
2.1. From Crucible Furnace and Bessemer Converter to the Golden Days of Open Hearth. Steelmaking furnaces so far industrialized in the world were: Converter with acidic refractory lining and air blowing bottom tuyeres in 1856, Siemens open hearth in 1857, and Martin furnace for scrap melting, and Siemens-Martin open hearth which combined the last two in 1864.
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